The Evolution of Automotive Landscape

We will not stop until every car on the road is electric
– Elon Musk

This research article delves into the transformative effects of the introduction of Electric Vehicles (EVs) on traditional internal combustion engine (ICE) cars. As the automotive industry undergoes a paradigm shift towards sustainable mobility, we explore the multifaceted consequences on traditional cars, encompassing manufacturing, market dynamics, environmental considerations, and consumer behaviors.

Introduction

The global automotive sector is experiencing a profound shift with the increasing adoption of Electric Vehicles. This article aims to examine how this transition is influencing traditional cars, from production methods to consumer preferences. India stands third in the world with the largest road connection. Traveling by the road is a preferable choice for Indian people almost 60% of the population used personal or shared vehicles to travel. Petrol and Diesel are major causes of global warming and environmental air pollution. Diesel Vehicles Are Responsible For 66% Of Air Pollution-Related Deaths in India. This study has exposed serious health risks from transport emissions in India and particularly from diesel emissions.

Manufacturing

The manufacturing of Electric Vehicles (EVs) stands as a pivotal cornerstone in the global shift towards sustainable mobility. This comprehensive exploration aims to dissect the intricate web of EV manufacturing, elucidating the challenges, innovative solutions, and future trajectories that define this dynamic industry. Through a meticulous synthesis of scholarly research, industry reports, and expert insights, this study embarks on a journey through the manufacturing realm of EVs, unraveling the complexities and opportunities inherent in this transformative sector. Key focal points include production intricacies, supply chain dynamics, battery manufacturing advancements, and emerging trends shaping the future of EV manufacturing. By illuminating the multifaceted landscape of EV manufacturing, this research endeavors to equip stakeholders, policymakers, and enthusiasts with a nuanced understanding to navigate and propel the electrification revolution forward.

Today’s EVs are very different from ICE (internal combustion engine) gasoline-powered vehicles. The new breed of EVs has benefited from a series of failed attempts to design and build electric vehicles using traditional methods of production used by manufacturers for decades.

There are numerous differences in how EVs are manufactured when compared to ICE vehicles. The focus used to be on protecting the engine, but this focus has now shifted to protecting the batteries in manufacturing an EV. Automotive designers and engineers are completely rethinking the design of EVs, as well as creating new production and assembly methods to build them. They are now designing an EV from the ground up with heavy consideration to aerodynamics, weight and other energy efficiencies.

The single biggest modification of the car is the underbody. While this structure has been very similar in the past, with EVs there is no engine and there are no exhaust systems needed. There is an aerodynamically designed full belly pan under the EV that contains trays where the battery pack is placed. With more and more variations and shapes of battery packs available for different models, the challenge is to be able to make these variations on one Flexible Manufacturing System (FMS). Since all EV battery cells are quite heavy, flexible robotic lines are necessary.

In addition, FMS production lines must accommodate many new robotically performed joining methods. In many instances spot welding is being replaced by an increased use of self-piercing rivets, gluing, sealing, flow drilling, and laser welding — and are specifically chosen depending on the tray used for each particular type of battery cell.

The EV’s inner structure is called a “space frame” and is made of strong, lightweight aluminum — and for additional weight-savings, the wheels are also made of aluminum instead of steel. Using manufacturers molds, these aluminum parts are poured at a foundry. In addition, the steering wheel and seat frames are made of magnesium, a strong, lightweight metal. Even the body panels are made of lightweight aluminum, or an impact-resistant composite plastic. Both materials are recyclable, providing long-term disposal advantages.

In an effort to reduce weight, the structural frame, seat frames, wheels and body are designed for high-strength, safety — and the lightest possible weight. New configurations have been developed that provide support for the components and protection of the vehicle occupants with minimal mass and use of high-tech materials, including aluminum, magnesium and advanced composite plastics.

The windshield is solar glass that keeps the interior from overheating in the sun and frost from forming in winter. Materials that provide thermal conservation reduce the energy drain that heating and air conditioning impose on the batteries.

Some features did have to be eliminated or changed while leaving all the comforts drivers find desirable and adding new considerations as well. One feature that was removed because of space restrictions was the spare tire. This was possible because the EV tires contain a sealant to repair any leaks automatically. In addition, the tires are rubber and designed to inflate to higher pressures, so the car rolls with less resistance to conserve energy.

An added safety consideration was a pedestrian warning system, because EVs run so quietly that pedestrians may not hear them approach. Driver activated flashing lights and beeps warn pedestrians that the car is approaching. This system works automatically when the car is put in reverse as well.

Market Dynamics

The adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) is shaped by a complex interplay of market dynamics. Government policies and incentives, such as subsidies, tax breaks, and regulatory mandates, play a pivotal role in accelerating adoption rates by making EVs more financially attractive and accessible to consumers. Technological advancements in battery technology, charging infrastructure, and vehicle design are key drivers of adoption, as they enhance the performance, range, and affordability of EVs, making them increasingly competitive with traditional internal combustion engine vehicles. Environmental concerns, driven by growing awareness of climate change and air pollution, are motivating consumers to prioritize eco-friendly transportation options like EVs. Fluctuations in fuel prices also influence adoption rates, with high gasoline prices often making EVs more cost-effective to operate.

The development of charging infrastructure, including the expansion of public charging stations and fast-charging networks, addresses range anxiety and enhances the convenience of EV ownership. Economic factors such as income levels and access to financing influence consumers’ purchasing decisions, while shifting consumer preferences towards sustainability, technology, and performance further drive EV adoption. Competition among automakers to develop and market EVs with superior features, performance, and pricing intensifies the market dynamics, offering consumers a wider range of choices. Additionally, social influence, including peer recommendations and media coverage, shapes consumer perceptions and behaviors towards EV adoption, contributing to the overall trajectory of market growth. The introduction of EVs has disrupted traditional car markets, affecting the sales, pricing, and resale value of conventional vehicles. This section investigates the changing market dynamics, exploring how consumer choices and government policies contribute to the reshaping of the automotive landscape. The market has experienced a surge of more than 200% in the previous year, going from 3.2 lakh EVs in 2021 to roughly 18 lakh EVs in 2022. However, a lot of customers still prefer conventional internal combustion (IC) engine vehicles owing to its set of characteristics and benefits.

Environmental Consideration

An essential aspect of the EV revolution is its potential to reduce carbon emissions and environmental impact. We evaluate the ecological implications of transitioning from traditional to electric vehicles, considering factors such as energy sources, materials used in production, and end-of-life considerations. In recent years, the automotive industry has witnessed a monumental shift towards sustainability, driven primarily by concerns over climate change and environmental degradation. At the forefront of this revolution are Electric Vehicles (EVs), heralded as a cleaner, greener alternative to traditional internal combustion engine vehicles. With zero tailpipe emissions and lower carbon footprints, EVs have emerged as a promising solution to mitigate the environmental impacts of transportation. This essay delves into the environmental considerations surrounding the adoption of EVs, exploring their potential to usher in a cleaner, more sustainable future for our planet. One of the most compelling arguments in favor of EVs is their ability to lower greenhouse gas emissions. Unlike gasoline-powered vehicles that rely on fossil fuels, EVs can be powered by electricity generated from renewable energy sources such as wind, solar, and hydropower. As a result, EVs offer the potential to drastically reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions associated with transportation, thus playing a crucial role in combating climate change and meeting emissions reduction targets.

Electric vehicles are inherently more energy-efficient than conventional gasoline vehicles, with electric drivetrains boasting higher energy conversion efficiencies. Additionally, EVs have regenerative braking systems that capture and store energy during deceleration, further enhancing their efficiency. Furthermore, the transition to EVs can promote resource conservation by reducing the dependence on finite fossil fuels and minimizing the environmental impact of extraction and refining processes.

Consumer Behaviour and Perception

Consumer preferences play a pivotal role in shaping the automotive industry. This section analyzes how the emergence of EVs influences consumer behavior, perceptions, and attitudes towards traditional cars. Factors such as range anxiety, charging infrastructure, and incentives are examined to understand the complexities of consumer decision-making.

1. Based on the desire of people willing to adopt EV in india

2. Survey based on the choice of fuel

3. Survey based on costing issue

Challenges

This research identifies key challenges faced by traditional car manufacturers and explores potential opportunities arising from the shift towards electric mobility. From technological advancements to market niches, we examine how the industry can adapt to thrive in the evolving landscape.

1. Limited Battery Range

The average petrol car can easily do four or five hundred miles on a tank of petrol. A diesel car might do closer to 700 miles. The all-electric Peugeot e-208 on the other hand needs recharging every 217 miles.

2. Battery Lifespan Concerns

Many people worry about how long their EV’s battery will last. The general consensus is that it should last around 10-20 years and up to 150,000-miles. A measured driving style and careful charging habits both help extend your battery’s service life

3. Charging Infrastructure Worries

Worries about the location and availability of EV charging points may deter you from considering an electric car. While the rollout of charging points hasn’t always been trouble-free, the fact is that the UK’s EV charging infrastructure is improving at a rapid pace.

4. Low Top Speeds

Electric cars are quick, there is no lag or delay in the power delivery either, so it all feels absolutely effortless. But, unless you are looking at the top end of the EV market, most family-friendly SUVs and hatchbacks are limited to relatively low top speeds. Some can barely hit 90mph where even a base-spec petrol car will do well over 100mph.

Conclusion

The available, convenient, and less costly also in countries like India these factors play a major role in influencing the market of vehicles. As is demonstrated in our timeline, we hope that over the next decade technological advancements and policy changes will help ease the transition from traditional fuel- powered vehicles. Additionally, the realization and success of this industry rely heavily on the global population, and we hope that through mass marketing and environmental education programs people will feel incentivized and empowered to drive an electric-powered vehicle. However, this very technology has great potential and if the stated challenges can be minimized to some extent then in India it may bloom. This alternative has a lot to work upon to take over the existing market of vehicles in India and prove its worth in many domains such as cost and range. If through some technological advancements this is ensured and also the charging ports for the vehicles are given thought and how they can be implemented in India, having many topographical challenges to overcome, surely this willead to a better and sustainable green future.

Sources

Priyanshi AnandMember